Source code for flax.errors

# Copyright 2024 The Flax Authors.
#
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""""""  # Use an empty top-level docstring so Sphinx won't output the one below.
"""Flax error classes.

=== When to create a Flax error class?

If an error message requires more explanation than a one-liner, it is useful to
add it as a separate error class. This may lead to some duplication with
existing documentation or docstrings, but it will provide users with more help
when they are debugging a problem. We can also point to existing documentation
from the error docstring directly.

=== How to name the error class?

* If the error occurs when doing something, name the error
  <Verb><Object><TypeOfError>Error

  For instance, if you want to raise an error when applying a module with an
  invalid method, the error can be: ApplyModuleInvalidMethodError.

 <TypeOfError> is optional, for instance if there is only one error when
  modifying a variable, the error can simply be: ModifyVariableError.

* If there is no concrete action involved the only a description of the error is
  sufficient. For instance: InvalidFilterError, NameInUseError, etc.


=== Copy/pastable template for new error messages:

class Template(FlaxError):
  "" "

  "" "
  def __init__(self):
    super().__init__(f'')
"""


class FlaxError(Exception):
  def __init__(self, message):
    error_page = (
      'https://flax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_reference/flax.errors.html'
    )
    module_name = self.__class__.__module__
    class_name = self.__class__.__name__
    error_msg = f'{message} ({error_page}#{module_name}.{class_name})'
    super().__init__(error_msg)


#################################################
# lazy_init.py errors                           #
#################################################


[docs]class LazyInitError(FlaxError): """Lazy Init function has uncomputable return values. This happens when passing an argument to lazy_init with ``jax.ShapeDtypeStruct`` that affects the initialized variables. Make sure the init function only uses the shape and dtype or pass an actual JAX array if this is impossible. Example:: class Foo(nn.Module): @compact def __call__(self, x): # This parameter depends on the input x # this causes an error when using lazy_init. k = self.param("kernel", lambda _: x) return x * k Foo().lazy_init(random.key(0), jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((8, 4), jnp.float32)) """ def __init__(self, partial_val): super().__init__( 'Lazy init encountered a value that could with ' f'the given inputs (shape: {partial_val}).' )
################################################# # scope.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class InvalidRngError(FlaxError): """All rngs used in a Module should be passed to :meth:`Module.init() <flax.linen.Module.init>` and :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>` appropriately. We explain both separately using the following example:: class Bar(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): some_param = self.param('some_param', nn.initializers.zeros_init(), (1, )) dropout_rng = self.make_rng('dropout') x = nn.Dense(features=4)(x) ... class Foo(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): x = Bar()(x) ... **PRNGs for Module.init()** In this example, two rngs are used: * ``params`` is used for initializing the parameters of the model. This rng is used to initialize the ``some_params`` parameter, and for initializing the weights of the ``Dense`` Module used in ``Bar``. * ``dropout`` is used for the dropout rng that is used in ``Bar``. So, ``Foo`` is initialized as follows:: init_rngs = {'params': random.key(0), 'dropout': random.key(1)} variables = Foo().init(init_rngs, init_inputs) If a Module only requires an rng for ``params``, you can use:: SomeModule().init(rng, ...) # Shorthand for {'params': rng} **PRNGs for Module.apply()** When applying ``Foo``, only the rng for ``dropout`` is needed, because ``params`` is only used for initializing the Module parameters:: Foo().apply(variables, inputs, rngs={'dropout': random.key(2)}) If a Module only requires an rng for ``params``, you don't have to provide rngs for apply at all:: SomeModule().apply(variables, inputs) # rngs=None """ def __init__(self, msg): # For this error message we pass the entire message, since there are various # different kinds of RNG errors and we want to be able to be more specific # in the error message, while always linking to the same documentation. super().__init__(msg)
[docs]class ApplyScopeInvalidVariablesTypeError(FlaxError): """When calling :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>`, the first argument should be a variable dict. For more explanation on variable dicts, please see :mod:`flax.core.variables`. """ def __init__(self): super().__init__( 'The first argument passed to an apply function should be ' 'a dictionary of collections. Each collection should be a ' 'dictionary with string keys.' )
[docs]class ApplyScopeInvalidVariablesStructureError(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when the dict passed as ``variables`` to apply() has an extra 'params' layer, i.e. {'params': {'params': ...}}. For more explanation on variable dicts, please see :mod:`flax.core.variables`. """ def __init__(self, variables): super().__init__( f'Expect the `variables` (first argument) passed to apply() ' f'to be a dict with the structure {{"params": ...}}, but got a dict ' f'with an extra params layer, i.e. {{"params": {{"params": ... }} }}. ' f'You should instead pass in your dict\'s ["params"].' )
[docs]class ScopeParamNotFoundError(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when trying to access a parameter that does not exist. For instance, in the code below, the initialized embedding name 'embedding' does not match the apply name 'embed':: class Embed(nn.Module): num_embeddings: int features: int @nn.compact def __call__(self, inputs, embed_name='embedding'): inputs = inputs.astype('int32') embedding = self.param(embed_name, jax.nn.initializers.lecun_normal(), (self.num_embeddings, self.features)) return embedding[inputs] model = Embed(4, 8) variables = model.init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((5, 5, 1))) _ = model.apply(variables, jnp.ones((5, 5, 1)), 'embed') """ def __init__(self, param_name, scope_path): super().__init__( f'Could not find parameter named "{param_name}" in scope ' f'"{scope_path}".' )
[docs]class ScopeCollectionNotFound(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when trying to access a variable from an empty collection. There are two common causes: 1. | The collection was not passed to ``apply`` correctly. | For example, you might have used ``module.apply(params, ...)`` instead | of ``module.apply({'params': params}, ...)``. 2. | The collection is empty because the variables need to be initialized. | In this case, you should have made the collection mutable during | apply (e.g.: ``module.apply(variables, ..., mutable=['state'])``. """ def __init__(self, col_name, var_name, scope_path): super().__init__( f'Tried to access "{var_name}" from collection "{col_name}" in ' f'"{scope_path}" but the collection is empty.' )
[docs]class ScopeParamShapeError(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when the shape of an existing parameter is different from the shape of the return value of the ``init_fn``. This can happen when the shape provided during :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>` is different from the one used when initializing the module. For instance, the following code throws this error because the apply shape (``(5, 5, 1)``) is different from the init shape (``(5, 5``). As a result, the shape of the kernel during ``init`` is ``(1, 8)``, and the shape during ``apply`` is ``(5, 8)``, which results in this error.:: class NoBiasDense(nn.Module): features: int = 8 @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): kernel = self.param('kernel', lecun_normal(), (x.shape[-1], self.features)) # <--- ERROR y = lax.dot_general(x, kernel, (((x.ndim - 1,), (0,)), ((), ()))) return y variables = NoBiasDense().init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((5, 5, 1))) _ = NoBiasDense().apply(variables, jnp.ones((5, 5))) """ def __init__(self, param_name, scope_path, value_shape, init_shape): super().__init__( f'Initializer expected to generate shape {init_shape} ' f'but got shape {value_shape} instead for parameter ' f'"{param_name}" in "{scope_path}".' )
[docs]class ScopeVariableNotFoundError(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when trying to use a variable in a Scope in a collection that is immutable. In order to create this variable, mark the collection as mutable explicitly using the ``mutable`` keyword in :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>`. """ def __init__(self, name, col, scope_path): super().__init__( f'No Variable named "{name}" for collection "{col}" ' f'exists in "{scope_path}".' )
[docs]class InvalidFilterError(FlaxError): """A filter should be either a boolean, a string or a container object.""" def __init__(self, filter_like): super().__init__(f'Invalid Filter: "{filter_like}"')
[docs]class InvalidScopeError(FlaxError): """A temporary Scope is only valid within the context in which it is created:: with Scope(variables, rngs=rngs).temporary() as root: y = fn(root, *args, **kwargs) # Here root is valid. # Here root is invalid. """ def __init__(self, scope_name): super().__init__(f'The scope "{scope_name}" is no longer valid.')
[docs]class ModifyScopeVariableError(FlaxError): """You cannot update a variable if the collection it belongs to is immutable. When you are applying a Module, you should specify which variable collections are mutable:: class MyModule(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): ... var = self.variable('batch_stats', 'mean', ...) var.value = ... ... v = MyModule.init(...) ... logits = MyModule.apply(v, batch) # This throws an error. logits = MyModule.apply(v, batch, mutable=['batch_stats']) # This works. """ def __init__(self, col, variable_name, scope_path): super().__init__( f'Cannot update variable "{variable_name}" in ' f'"{scope_path}" because collection "{col}" is immutable.' )
[docs]class JaxTransformError(FlaxError): """JAX transforms and Flax modules cannot be mixed. JAX's functional transformations expect pure function. When you want to use JAX transformations **inside** Flax models, you should make use of the Flax transformation wrappers (e.g.: ``flax.linen.vmap``, ``flax.linen.scan``, etc.). """ def __init__(self): super().__init__('Jax transforms and Flax models cannot be mixed.')
################################################# # meta.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class PartitioningUnspecifiedError(FlaxError): """This error is raised when trying to add an axis to a Partitioned variable by using a transformation (e.g.: ``scan``, ``vmap``) without specifying the "partition_name" in the ``metadata_params`` dict. """ def __init__(self, target): super().__init__( 'Trying to transform a Partitioned variable but "partition_name"' f' is not specified in metadata_params: {target}' )
################################################# # module.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class NameInUseError(FlaxError): """This error is raised when trying to create a submodule, param, or variable with an existing name. They are all considered to be in the same namespace. **Sharing Submodules** This is the wrong pattern for sharing submodules:: y = nn.Dense(feature=3, name='bar')(x) z = nn.Dense(feature=3, name='bar')(x+epsilon) Instead, modules should be shared by instance:: dense = nn.Dense(feature=3, name='bar') y = dense(x) z = dense(x+epsilon) If submodules are not provided with a name, a unique name will be given to them automatically:: class MyModule(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): x = MySubModule()(x) x = MySubModule()(x) # This is fine. return x **Parameters and Variables** A parameter name can collide with a submodule or variable, since they are all stored in the same variable dict:: class Foo(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): bar = self.param('bar', nn.initializers.zeros_init(), (1, )) embed = nn.Embed(num_embeddings=2, features=5, name='bar') # <-- ERROR! Variables should also have unique names, even if they have their own collection:: class Foo(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, inputs): _ = self.param('mean', initializers.lecun_normal(), (2, 2)) _ = self.variable('stats', 'mean', initializers.zeros_init(), (2, 2)) """ def __init__(self, key_type, value, module_name): # key_type is in {param, variable, submodule}. super().__init__( f'Could not create {key_type} "{value}" in Module ' f'{module_name}: Name in use.' )
[docs]class AssignSubModuleError(FlaxError): """You are only allowed to create submodules in two places: 1. If your Module is noncompact: inside :meth:`Module.setup() <flax.linen.Module.setup>`. 2. If your Module is compact: inside the method wrapped in :meth:`nn.compact() <flax.linen.compact>`. For instance, the following code throws this error, because ``nn.Conv`` is created in ``__call__``, which is not marked as compact:: class Foo(nn.Module): def setup(self): pass def __call__(self, x): conv = nn.Conv(features=3, kernel_size=3) Foo().init(random.key(0), jnp.zeros((1,))) Note that this error is also thrown if you partially defined a Module inside setup:: class Foo(nn.Module): def setup(self): self.conv = functools.partial(nn.Conv, features=3) def __call__(self, x): x = self.conv(kernel_size=4)(x) return x Foo().init(random.key(0), jnp.zeros((1,))) In this case, ``self.conv(kernel_size=4)`` is called from ``__call__``, which is disallowed because it's neither within ``setup`` nor a method wrapped in x``nn.compact``. """ def __init__(self, cls): super().__init__( f'Submodule {cls} must be defined in `setup()` or in a ' 'method wrapped in `@compact`' )
[docs]class SetAttributeInModuleSetupError(FlaxError): """You are not allowed to modify Module class attributes in :meth:`Module.setup() <flax.linen.Module.setup>`:: class Foo(nn.Module): features: int = 6 def setup(self): self.features = 3 # <-- ERROR def __call__(self, x): return nn.Dense(self.features)(x) variables = SomeModule().init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((1, ))) Instead, these attributes should be set when initializing the Module:: class Foo(nn.Module): features: int = 6 @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): return nn.Dense(self.features)(x) variables = SomeModule(features=3).init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((1, ))) TODO(marcvanzee): Link to a design note explaining why it's necessary for modules to stay frozen (otherwise we can't safely clone them, which we use for lifted transformations). """ def __init__(self): super().__init__(f'Module construction attributes are frozen.')
[docs]class SetAttributeFrozenModuleError(FlaxError): """You can only assign Module attributes to ``self`` inside :meth:`Module.setup() <flax.linen.Module.setup>`. Outside of that method, the Module instance is frozen (i.e., immutable). This behavior is similar to frozen Python dataclasses. For instance, this error is raised in the following case:: class SomeModule(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x, num_features=10): self.num_features = num_features # <-- ERROR! x = nn.Dense(self.num_features)(x) return x s = SomeModule().init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((5, 5))) Similarly, the error is raised when trying to modify a submodule's attributes after constructing it, even if this is done in the ``setup()`` method of the parent module:: class Foo(nn.Module): def setup(self): self.dense = nn.Dense(features=10) self.dense.features = 20 # <--- This is not allowed def __call__(self, x): return self.dense(x) """ def __init__(self, module_cls, attr_name, attr_val): super().__init__( f"Can't set {attr_name}={attr_val} for Module of type " f'{module_cls}: Module instance is frozen outside of ' 'setup method.' )
[docs]class MultipleMethodsCompactError(FlaxError): """The ``@compact`` decorator may only be added to at most one method in a Flax module. In order to resolve this, you can: * remove ``@compact`` and define submodules and variables using :meth:`Module.setup() <flax.linen.Module.setup>`. * Use two separate modules that both have a unique ``@compact`` method. TODO(marcvanzee): Link to a design note explaining the motivation behind this. There is no need for an equivalent to ``hk.transparent`` and it makes submodules much more sane because there is no need to prefix the method names. """ def __init__(self): super().__init__(f'Only one method per class can be @compact')
[docs]class ReservedModuleAttributeError(FlaxError): """This error is thrown when creating a Module that is using reserved attributes. The following attributes are reserved: * ``parent``: The parent Module of this Module. * ``name``: The name of this Module. """ def __init__(self, annotations): super().__init__( f'properties `parent` and `name` are reserved: {annotations}' )
[docs]class ApplyModuleInvalidMethodError(FlaxError): """When calling :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>`, you can specify the method to apply using parameter ``method``. This error is thrown if the provided parameter is not a method in the Module and not a function with at least one argument. Learn more on the reference docs for :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>`. """ def __init__(self, method): super().__init__( f'Cannot call apply(): {method} is not a valid function for apply().' )
[docs]class CallCompactUnboundModuleError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you are trying to call a Module directly, rather than through :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>`. For instance, the error will be raised when trying to run this code:: from flax import linen as nn import jax.numpy as jnp test_dense = nn.Dense(10) test_dense(jnp.ones((5,5))) Instead, you should pass the variables (parameters and other state) via :meth:`Module.apply() <flax.linen.Module.apply>` (or use :meth:`Module.init() <flax.linen.Module.init>` to get initial variables):: from jax import random variables = test_dense.init(random.key(0), jnp.ones((5,5))) y = test_dense.apply(variables, jnp.ones((5,5))) """ def __init__(self): super().__init__("Can't call compact methods on unbound modules")
[docs]class CallSetupUnboundModuleError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you are trying to call ``.setup()`` directly. For instance, the error will be raised when trying to run this code:: from flax import linen as nn import jax.numpy as jnp class MyModule(nn.Module): def setup(self): self.submodule = MySubModule() module = MyModule() module.setup() # <-- ERROR! submodule = module.submodule In general you shouldn't call ``.setup()`` yourself, if you need to get access to a field or submodule defined inside ``setup`` you can instead create a function to extract it and pass it to ``nn.apply``:: # setup() will be called automatically by ``nn.apply`` def get_submodule(module): return module.submodule.clone() # avoid leaking the Scope empty_variables = {} # you can also use the real variables submodule = nn.apply(get_submodule, module)(empty_variables) """ def __init__(self): super().__init__("Can't call compact methods on unbound modules")
[docs]class CallUnbindOnUnboundModuleError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you are trying to call ``.unbind()`` on an unbound Module. For instance, when you try running the following example, an error will be raised:: from flax import linen as nn class MyModule(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): return nn.Dense(features=10)(x) module = MyModule() module.unbind() # <-- ERROR! Instead, you should ``bind`` the Module to a variable collection before calling ``.unbind()``:: bound_module = module.bind(variables) ... # do something with bound_module module = bound_module.unbind() # <-- OK! """ def __init__(self): super().__init__("Can't call `unbind()` on unbound modules")
[docs]class InvalidInstanceModuleError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you are trying to call ``.init()``, ``.init_with_output()``, ``.apply()`` or ``.bind()`` on the Module class itself, instead of an instance of the Module class. For example, the error will be raised when trying to run this code:: class B(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): return x k = random.key(0) x = random.uniform(random.key(1), (2,)) B.init(k, x) # B is module class, not B() a module instance B.apply(vs, x) # similar issue with apply called on class instead of instance. """ def __init__(self): super().__init__( 'Can only call init, init_with_output or apply methods on an instance' ' of the Module class, not the Module class itself' )
[docs]class IncorrectPostInitOverrideError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you overrode ``.__post_init__()`` without calling ``super().__post_init__()``. For example, the error will be raised when trying to run this code:: from flax import linen as nn import jax.numpy as jnp import jax class A(nn.Module): x: float def __post_init__(self): self.x_square = self.x ** 2 # super().__post_init__() <-- forgot to add this line @nn.compact def __call__(self, input): return input + 3 r = A(x=3) r.init(jax.random.key(2), jnp.ones(3)) """ def __init__(self): super().__init__( 'Overrode `.__post_init__()` without calling `super().__post_init__()`' )
[docs]class DescriptorAttributeError(FlaxError): """This error occurs when you are trying to access a property that is accessing a non-existent attribute. For example, the error will be raised when trying to run this code:: class Foo(nn.Module): @property def prop(self): return self.non_existent_field # ERROR! def __call__(self, x): return self.prop foo = Foo() variables = foo.init(jax.random.key(0), jnp.ones(shape=(1, 8))) """ def __init__(self): super().__init__( 'Trying to access a property that is accessing a non-existent' ' attribute.' )
[docs]class InvalidCheckpointError(FlaxError): """A checkpoint cannot be stored in a directory that already has a checkpoint at the current or a later step. You can pass ``overwrite=True`` to disable this behavior and overwrite existing checkpoints in the target directory. """ def __init__(self, path, step): super().__init__( f'Trying to save an outdated checkpoint at step: "{step}" and path:' f' "{path}".' )
[docs]class MPACheckpointingRequiredError(FlaxError): """To optimally save and restore a multiprocess array (GDA or jax Array outputted from pjit), use GlobalAsyncCheckpointManager. You can create an GlobalAsyncCheckpointManager at top-level and pass it as argument:: from jax.experimental.gda_serialization import serialization as gdas gda_manager = gdas.GlobalAsyncCheckpointManager() save_checkpoint(..., gda_manager=gda_manager) """ def __init__(self, path, step): super().__init__( f'Checkpoint failed at step: "{step}" and path: "{path}": Target ' 'contains a multiprocess array should be saved/restored with a ' 'GlobalAsyncCheckpointManager.' )
[docs]class MPARestoreTargetRequiredError(FlaxError): """Provide a valid target when restoring a checkpoint with a multiprocess array. Multiprocess arrays need a sharding (global meshes and partition specs) to be initialized. Therefore, to restore a checkpoint that contains a multiprocess array, make sure the ``target`` you passed contains valid multiprocess arrays at the corresponding tree structure location. If you cannot provide a full valid ``target``, consider ``allow_partial_mpa_restoration=True``. """ def __init__(self, path, step, key=None): error_msg = ( f'Restore checkpoint failed at step: "{step}" and path: "{path}": ' 'Checkpoints containing a multiprocess array need to be restored with ' 'a target with pre-created arrays. If you cannot provide a full valid ' 'target, consider ``allow_partial_mpa_restoration=True``. ' ) if key: error_msg += f'This error fired when trying to restore array at {key}.' super().__init__(error_msg)
[docs]class MPARestoreDataCorruptedError(FlaxError): """A multiprocess array stored in Google Cloud Storage doesn't contain a "commit_success.txt" file, which should be written at the end of the save. Failure of finding it could indicate a corruption of your saved GDA data. """ def __init__(self, step, path): super().__init__( f'Restore checkpoint failed at step: "{step}" on multiprocess array at ' f' "{path}": No "commit_success.txt" found on this "_gda" directory. ' 'Was its save halted before completion?' )
################################################# # transforms.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class TransformedMethodReturnValueError(FlaxError): """Transformed Module methods cannot return other Modules or Variables.""" def __init__(self, name): super().__init__( f'Transformed module method {name} cannot return Modules or Variables.' )
[docs]class TransformTargetError(FlaxError): """Linen transformations must be applied to Modules classes or functions taking a Module instance as the first argument. This error occurs when passing an invalid target to a linen transform (nn.vmap, nn.scan, etc.). This occurs for example when trying to transform a Module instance:: nn.vmap(nn.Dense(features))(x) # raises TransformTargetError You can transform the ``nn.Dense`` class directly instead:: nn.vmap(nn.Dense)(features)(x) Or you can create a function that takes the module instance as the first argument:: class BatchDense(nn.Module): @nn.compact def __call__(self, x): return nn.vmap( lambda mdl, x: mdl(x), variable_axes={'params': 0}, split_rngs={'params': True})(nn.Dense(3), x) """ def __init__(self, target): super().__init__( 'Linen transformations must be applied to Modules classes or' ' functions taking a Module instance as the first argument.' f' The provided target is not a Module class or callable: {target}' )
################################################# # io.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class AlreadyExistsError(FlaxError): """Attempting to overwrite a file via copy. You can pass ``overwrite=True`` to disable this behavior and overwrite existing files in. """ def __init__(self, path): super().__init__(f'Trying overwrite an existing file: "{path}".')
################################################# # cursor.py errors # #################################################
[docs]class CursorFindError(FlaxError): """Error when calling :meth:`Cursor.find() <flax.cursor.Cursor.find>`. This error occurs if no object or more than one object is found, given the conditions of the ``cond_fn``. """ def __init__(self, cursor=None, cursor2=None): if cursor and cursor2: super().__init__( 'More than one object found given the conditions of the cond_fn. ' 'The first two objects found have the following paths: ' f'{cursor._path} and {cursor2._path}' ) else: super().__init__('No object found given the conditions of the cond_fn.')
[docs]class TraverseTreeError(FlaxError): """Error when calling ``Cursor._traverse_tree()``. This function has two modes: - if ``update_fn`` is not None, it will traverse the tree and return a generator of tuples containing the path where the ``update_fn`` was applied and the newly modified value. - if ``cond_fn`` is not None, it will traverse the tree and return a generator of tuple paths that fulfilled the conditions of the ``cond_fn``. This error occurs if either both ``update_fn`` and ``cond_fn`` are None, or both are not None. """ def __init__(self, update_fn, cond_fn): if update_fn is None and cond_fn is None: super().__init__( 'Both update_fn and cond_fn are None. Exactly one of them must be' ' None.' ) else: super().__init__( 'Both update_fn and cond_fn are not None. Exactly one of them must be' ' not None.' )